Numba is a Python compiler designed for accelerating numerical and array operations, enabling users to enhance their application's performance by writing high-performance functions in Python itself. It utilizes LLVM to transform pure Python code into optimized machine code, achieving speeds comparable to languages like C, C++, and Fortran. Noteworthy features include dynamic code generation during import or runtime, support for both CPU and GPU hardware, and seamless integration with the Python scientific software ecosystem, particularly Numpy.